Solar antenna array fabrication

ABSTRACT

A method for constructing a solar rectenna array by growing carbon nanotube antennas between lines of metal, and subsequently applying a bias voltage on the carbon nanotube antennas to convert the diodes on the tips of the carbon nanotube antennas from metal oxide carbon diodes to geometric diodes. Techniques for preserving the converted diodes by adding additional oxide are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/682,646, filed on Aug. 22, 2017, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/661,854,filed on Jul. 27, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/411,396, filed on Jan. 20, 2017, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/249,953,filed on Aug. 29, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/133,807, filed on Apr. 20, 2016, all of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF ENDEAVOR

Various aspects of this disclosure may pertain to economicalmanufacturing processes of visible light rectenna arrays for theconversion of solar energy to electricity.

BACKGROUND

Rectifiers for AC to DC conversion of high frequency signals have beenwell known for decades. A particular type of diode rectifier whencoupled to an antenna, called a rectenna, has also been known fordecades. More specifically, over 20 years ago, Logan described using anarray of rectennas to capture and convert microwaves into electricalenergy in U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,739 granted Aug. 27, 1991. However, thedimensions of the antenna limited the frequency until recently, whenGritz, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,679,957 granted Mar. 16, 2010, described usinga similar structure for converting infrared light into electricity, andPietro Siciliano suggested that such a structure may be used forsunlight in “Nano-Rectenna For High Efficiency Direct Conversion ofSunlight to Electricity,” by Pietro Siciliano of The Institute forMicroelectronics and Microsystems IMM-CNR, Lecce (Italy).

Still, the minimum dimensions required for such visible light rectennasare generally in the tens of nanometers. While these dimensions may beaccomplished by today's deep submicron masking technology, suchprocessing is typically far more expensive than the current solar cellprocesses, which require much larger dimensions.

Still, as Logan pointed out in U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,739, the efficiencyof microwave rectennas can be as high as 40%, more than double that oftypical single junction poly-silicon solar cell arrays, and when usingmetal-oxide-metal (MOM) rectifying diodes, as Pietro suggests, nosemiconductor transistors are needed in the array core.

As such, it may be advantageous to be able to utilize the existing finegeometry processing capability of current semiconductor fabricationwithout incurring the cost of such manufacturing.

Also, recently, Rice University reported that their researchers createda carbon nanotube (CNT) thread with metallic-like electrical and thermalproperties. Furthermore, carbon nanotube structures are becoming moremanufacturable, as described by Rosenberger et al. in U.S. Pat. No.7,354,977 granted Apr. 8, 2008. Various forms of continuous CNT growthmay have also been contemplated, such as Lemaire et. al. repeatedlyharvesting a CNT “forest’ while it is growing in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,793granted Jun. 29, 2010, and/or put into practice using techniquesdescribed by Predtechensky et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 8,137,653 grantedMar. 20, 2012. Grigorian et al. describes continuously pushing a carbongas through a catalyst backed porous membrane to grow CNTs in U.S. Pat.No. 7,431,985 granted Oct. 7, 2008.

Furthermore, others have contemplated using CNTs for various structuressuch as Rice University's CNT thread as described in “Rice's carbonnanotube fibers outperform copper,” by Mike Williams, posted on Feb. 13,2014 at:news.rice.edu/2014/02/13/rices-carbon-nanotube-fibers-outperform-copper-2;magnetic data storage as described by Tyson Winarski in U.S. Pat. No.7,687,160 granted Mar. 30, 2010; and in particular, antenna-based solarcells, as described by Tadashi Ito et al. in US Patent Publication2010/0244656 published Sep. 30, 2010. Still, Ito et al. did not describemethods to inexpensively construct carbon nanotube solar antennas forefficient conversion of solar energy.

SUMMARY OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

Various aspects of the present disclosure may relate to ways tomanufacture structures of CNT rectenna arrays for converting sunlightinto electricity, which may utilize current IC manufacturing techniquesand self-aligning process steps, and which may be successively used toachieve the molecular sized dimensions required for the antennas and thegeometric diodes.

The structure of the rectenna array may include an array of CNT antennasconnecting between interdigitated ground lines and negative voltagelines through geometric diodes. The antennas may be of varying lengthsand orientations, distributed for maximum reception of the full spectrumof ambient sunlight, e.g., having ¼ wavelengths or harmonic multiples of¼ wavelengths. Single ¼-wavelength antenna diode combinations mayhalf-wave rectify the received light. Two coupled ¼-wavelength antennadiode combinations may full-wave rectify the received light.

In one aspect, the multi-walled carbon nanotube antennas may beconstructed between interdigitated aluminum lines alternating from theground and negative voltage lines, by growing from a nickel catalyst onthe ground lines to the side walls of the negative voltage lines.

In another aspect, the diameters of the multi-walled carbon nanotubesmay be determined by the processing of the catalyst coupled with theprocessing of the carbon nanotubes.

In another aspect, the carbon nanotubes may be subsequently used to formthe geometric diodes at the tips of the carbon nanotubes through a thinlayer of aluminum oxide.

In yet another aspect, the carbon nanotube antennas may be subsequentlyused to retain the geometric diode connections while growing a thickerprotective layer of aluminum oxide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of the present disclosure will now be described inconnection with the attached drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an electrical diagram of a combined diode and antennaaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure,

FIG. 2 is another electrical diagram of a pair of diodes and antennasaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure,

FIG. 3 is a logical diagram of an array of antennas and diodes accordingto an aspect of the present disclosure, and

FIG. 4 through FIG. 6 are diagrams of cross-sections of an antenna arraydepicting multiple diode and carbon nanotube antennas according toaspects of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE

Various aspects of the present disclosure are now described withreference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 6 , it being appreciated that thefigures may illustrate the subject matter of various aspects and may notbe to scale or to measure.

An electrical diagram 10 of a combined diode and antenna according to anaspect of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 1 . A diode 11 and a¼-wavelength antenna 12 may be coupled together, with the antenna 12further connected to a ground line 13 and the diode 11 connected to anegative voltage (−V) line 14, to form a ½-wave rectified structure.Another electrical diagram 20 of a pair of diodes and antennas accordingto another aspect of the present disclosure, is shown in FIG. 2 . Twostructures 21, each equivalent to the electrical diagram shown in FIG. 1, may be coupled to common ground and —V lines 22, to form a full-waverectified structure.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3 , a conceptual diagram of an array ofantennas and diodes according to an aspect of the present disclosure.The antenna 30 and diode 31 may be respectively connected to the groundline 32 and the power line 33 in a manner similar to the electricaldiagram in FIG. 1 . A second antenna 34 and diode 35 may be respectivelyconnected to another side of the ground line 32 and another power line36, which may in turn be connected 37 to the original power line.Together, the antennas 30, 34 and diodes 31, 35 may be connected to thepower 33, 36 and ground 32 lines in a manner similar to the electricaldiagram in FIG. 2 . The antennas may be of varying lengths and may berandomly placed between the diodes and the ground line 32. The antennasmay be metallic carbon nanotubes.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4 , a diagram of a cross-section of anantenna array, depicting multiple diodes and CNT antennas according toan aspect of the present disclosure. The antennas 43 may be eithersingle-walled metallic carbon nanotubes, or multi-walled carbonnanotubes, which may be attached to the ground lines 41 via a catalyst44. The catalyst may be used to grow the CNTs. The catalyst maybecomposed of nickel, iron, cobalt, or some other suitable metal or alloyof metals. The catalyst may be a thin layer 44 formed by depositing andannealing the catalyst 44 on an oxide layer 45. The oxide layer 45 maybe sufficiently thick to form multiple sites for carbon nanotubes. Thevertical sites may aid in growing adequate densities of carbon nanotubeantennas. A thin layer of oxide 47, 49 may be grown or deposited on themetal lines 40, 41. The tips 46 of the carbon nanotubes 43 may extendacross a trench 48 to an oxide layer 47, forming a contact between thetip of the carbon nanotube 43 and the oxide 47. This structure may forma metal oxide carbon (MoC) diode coupling the carbon nanotube antennas43 to the voltage line 40. The oxide may be very thin, ˜one nanometerthick. The power 40 and ground 41 lines may be insulated from each othervia a base 42. The base 42 may be, for example, a ceramic, glass or aplastic material. The power 40 and ground 41 lines may be composed ofone or more metals such as aluminum. The ground lines 41 may beelectrically connected to the catalyst 44.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5 , another diagram of a cross-section ofan antenna array depicting multiple diodes and CNT antennas according toanother aspect of the present disclosure. Subsequent to the formation ofthe MoC diodes, a bias voltage may be applied to the CNT antennas 43sufficient enough to migrate the metal 40 through the oxide 47 to thetips 52 of the CNT antennas 43, to form geometric diodes.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6 , another diagram of a cross-section ofan antenna array depicting multiple diodes and CNT antennas according toanother aspect of the present disclosure. Subsequent to the formation ofgeometric diodes, additional oxide may be grown to eliminate furthermigration of the metal from the carbon nanotube tip to the surface ofthe oxide. In order to accomplish this, one may allow the metal 40 and41 to migrate through the oxide 47 and 49 respectively, until themigration naturally stops, without allowing the metal 40 to migrate fromthe tips 61 of the CNT antennas 43. This may be performed by applying anelectrical bias sufficient enough to hold the metal ions at the tip ofthe CNT antennas, while allowing the metal ions elsewhere to migrate tothe surface of the oxide to form more oxide. For example aluminum oxidemay grow on pure aluminum as aluminum ions migrate through the aluminumoxide to oxidize in the presence of oxygen in the air, but the processmay typically stop after 3.5 to 4.5 nanometers of oxide has grown, whenthe natural electric fields are too weak to cause further migration. Inthis manner the tips 61 of the CNT antennas 43, may be “anchored” in theoxide 47, while also stabilizing the aluminum ion migration.

In order to efficiently rectify visible light, the diodes may need tohave a cutoff frequency above 700 THz. This may require diodes 46 inFIG. 4 with sufficiently small capacitance, which may be accomplished bygrowing CNTs approximately 15 nanometers in diameter to very thin oxidesone to two nanometers thick. Nevertheless, even with such thin oxides,the turn-on voltage of the resulting diode may limit the rectificationof infrared light. On the other hand, the small tip 51 of the CNT inFIG. 5 , directly connecting to the large flat side of the power linemay create a geometric diode, which may have a turn-on voltage close tozero, which may thus allow rectification of the entire spectrum ofsunlight. Furthermore, the antennas' lengths and directions may vary tocover substantially the entire spectrum of un-polarized sunlight. Thismay be accomplished by varying the distances the carbon nanotubes 43cover from the ground 41 line to the power line 40, such that thedifference of the shortest to the longest carbon nanotube may be greaterthan the difference between a ¼ wavelength of ultraviolet light (˜80nanometers) and ¼ wavelength of infrared light (˜640 nanometers). Thismay ensure that at least one harmonic of substantially all frequenciesof sunlight may be covered by the range of CNT lengths.

Techniques for depositing and etching very thin layers of materials havebeen well known in the semiconductor industry for decades, but creatingmolecular-sized structures normally requires extremely expensivelithography equipment. In yet another aspect of the present disclosure,in the proper environment (alternating lines of metal that may have beenmechanically patterned, polished and etched may be placed in a chemicalvapor deposition machine), a plurality of first molecular-sizedstructures (e.g., CNT antennas) may be created (e.g., grown betweenlines of metal), and a plurality of second molecular-sized structures(e.g., geometric diodes) may be created using the first molecular-sizedstructures (e.g., by applying an electrical bias between the lines ofmetal and the CNT antennas), which may together form a final structure(e.g., a rectenna array), which may perform the desired function (which,in the present case, may be electrically rectifying sunlight), whereeach of the first molecular-sized structures may be self-aligned to arespective one of the second molecular-sized structures (e.g., thegeometric diodes that may be formed at the tips of the CNT antennas).

Alternatively, in yet another aspect of the present disclosure, in theproper environment (alternating lines of metal that may have beenmechanically patterned, polished, etched and oxidized, may be placed ina chemical vapor deposition machine), a plurality of firstmolecular-sized structures (e.g., CNT antennas) may be created (e.g.,grown between lines of metals), a plurality of second molecular-sizedstructures (e.g., MoC diodes) may form in connection with the firstmolecular-sized structures (e.g., by coupling the tips of the CNTs tothe oxide on the metal lines), and by using the first and secondmolecular-sized structures (e.g., by applying an electrical bias acrossthe MoC diode), a plurality of third molecular-sized structures (e.g.,geometric diodes), may be created in place of the second molecular-sizedstructures. The first and third molecular-sized structures together mayform a final structure (e.g., a rectenna array), which may perform thedesired function (e.g., electrically rectifying sunlight), where each ofthe first molecular-sized structures may be self-aligned to a respectiveone of the third molecular-sized structures (e.g., the geometric diodesthat may be formed at the tips of the CNT antennas).

It is also contemplated that further processing using this resultingstructure, which is a combination of two separate molecular-sizedstructures, may be used to preserve the resulting structure whileenhancing the stability of the resulting structure by adding theadditional oxide to stabilize and “anchor” the geometric diodes.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the presentinvention is not limited by what has been particularly shown anddescribed hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present inventionincludes both combinations and sub-combinations of various featuresdescribed hereinabove as well as modifications and variations whichwould occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoingdescription and which are not in the prior art.

We claim:
 1. A method to construct a plurality of molecular-sized structures to perform a specific function, the method including: a) creating an appropriate environment to create the plurality of molecular-sized structures; b) creating a plurality of first molecular-sized structures in the appropriate environment; c) creating a plurality of second molecular-sized structures, using the first molecular-sized structures, wherein said creating a plurality of second molecular-sized structures includes forming metal oxide carbon (MoC) diodes by connecting tips of the first molecular-sized structures to oxide on alternating lines of metal between which the first molecular-sized structures are disposed; d) converting the plurality of second molecular-sized structures into a plurality of third molecular-sized structures using the plurality of first molecular-sized structures and the plurality of second molecular-sized structures; and e) combining each of the first molecular-sized structures and a respective one of the third molecular-sized structures to form a plurality of final structures; wherein the plurality of final structures are enabled to perform the specific function.
 2. The method in claim 1, wherein the appropriate environment includes the alternating lines of metal that have been mechanically patterned, polished, etched, oxidized and placed in a chemical vapor deposition machine.
 3. The method in claim 1, wherein each of the first molecular-sized structures is self-aligned to a respective one of the third molecular-sized structures.
 4. The method in claim 2, wherein creating the first molecular-sized structures includes growing carbon nanotube antennas between the alternating lines of metals.
 5. A method to construct a plurality of molecular-sized structures to perform a specific function, the method including: a) creating an appropriate environment to create the plurality of molecular-sized structures; b) creating a plurality of first molecular-sized structures in the appropriate environment; c) creating a plurality of second molecular-sized structures, using the first molecular-sized structures; d) converting the plurality of second molecular-sized structures into a plurality of third molecular-sized structures using the plurality of first molecular-sized structures and the plurality of second molecular-sized structures; and e) combining each of the first molecular-sized structures and a respective one of the third molecular-sized structures to form a plurality of final structures, wherein the plurality of final structures are enabled to perform the specific function, wherein the appropriate environment includes alternating lines of metal that have been mechanically patterned, polished, etched, oxidized and placed in a chemical vapor deposition machine, wherein creating the first molecular-sized structures includes growing carbon nanotube antennas between the alternating lines of metals, and wherein the creating a plurality of second molecular-sized structures using the first molecular-sized structures includes forming metal oxide carbon (MoC) diodes by connecting tips of the carbon nanotube antennas to oxide on the alternating lines of metal.
 6. The method in claim 5, wherein converting the plurality of second molecular sized structures into a plurality of third molecular sized structures using the plurality of first molecular sized structures and the plurality of second molecular sized structures includes forming a geometric diode by applying a bias voltage across the MoC diode.
 7. The method in claim 1, wherein the plurality of final structures are rectennas.
 8. The method in claim 1, further including: f) using each of the final structures to preserve the respective final structure.
 9. The method in claim 8, wherein preserving the respective final structure includes applying a bias voltage to the respective final structure to cause growth of oxide around the respective final structure.
 10. The method in claim 1, wherein converting the plurality of second molecular-sized structures into a plurality of third molecular-sized structures using the plurality of first molecular sized structures and the plurality of second molecular sized structures includes forming a geometric diode by applying a bias voltage across the MoC diode. 